Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives

Initiative, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives Presentation Leadership is a basic angle for the accomplishment of any association on the planet. This idea has been in presence for a large number of years. All through the historical backdrop of mankind, we have found out about extraordinary pioneers, the impact they had on individuals and the achievement that has was gathered from their authority. In present day history, the idea of initiative has been coordinated in the administration of different firms and organizations.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These organizations have found that solid authority is a basic factor to their prosperity. Subsequently, associations have been searching for people with wanted initiative abilities to lead their associations (Rowe, 2007). Authority is in this manner the procedure through which an individual assembles and procures backing of others through social selecti on with the goal that they can cooperate to achieve certain objectives and targets that have been set (Stogdill, 1989). The accomplishment of these objectives and destinations guarantees that the association gets strong and intelligible. Subsequently, it will be a lot simpler for the association to accomplish its drawn out strategic, objectives and destinations. Be that as it may, for an association to accomplish all these, it must have a decent pioneer with attractive initiative characteristics. This is because of the way that the pioneer starts coordinates and controls the development and advancement of an association. In this way, the achievement of an association relies upon the viability and proficiency of the pioneer. To rouse his/her devotees, the pioneer must be, know and do certain things that will empower his supporters to cooperate as a group to accomplish the particular objectives and targets of the association. This must be gained through understanding and study. As for this, the inquiry with respect to whether initiative is a transformational procedure or a type of control consistently emerges. Despite the fact that they may appear to be comparative in principle, their idea and application is very different.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To comprehend these ideas, this paper will basically break down administration, its prerequisites, jobs and goals. The conversations and ends that will be made will be utilized to decide if administration is a transformational procedure or a type of control. The Process of Leadership The procedure of administration is applied by trying the information and abilities that the pioneers have learned through time. This is what is known as the procedure of authority (Northouse, 2007). It has been questioned for quite a while that administration is an innate character. Notwithstanding, from the investigations that have been directed, it has been demonstrated that authority is a quality that can be inclined through training and experience. Nonetheless, for a person to be a pioneer, he/she needs to forces characteristics and characteristics that impact his/her contemplations or activities. This is the thing that researchers allude to as the quality of initiative (Jago, 1982). These incorporate the convictions, qualities, societies and morals of a person. These components influence the way wherein an individual glances at a circumstance, the judgment that they will make out of it and the potential arrangements that they may concoct. Concerning this, there are factors that add to the development and advancement of solid initiative characteristics in a person. These incorporate individual qualities, devotees backing, correspondence and situational investigation. A pioneer must contain solid individual qualities. These qualities are basic since they depict the sort of pioneer an individual is, the relationship he has with his partners and different partners, his capacity to work and accomplish the objectives and goals of an association and the odds of him/her being fruitful in his vocation. A pioneer accordingly should have a solid character, have the option to cooperate with individuals and be objective. Simultaneously, a pioneer must acquire the trust and backing of his adherents. To be a fruitful pioneer, one needs to comprehend the necessities and prerequisites of every one of his representatives, go about as a guide, persuade and reward persevering workers, be straightforward and reasonable. Moreover, a pioneer needs to guarantee that his representatives have a favorable workplace. This builds the odds of them accomplishing the objectives and goals of the association (Lamb and McKee, 2004). Every one of these variables will guarantee that a pioneer has the trust and backing of his workers. This will ensure the accomplishment of a person as a pioneer ( Mischel, 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication is a fundamental viewpoint for the achievement of an association and a person as a pioneer. It is the job of the pioneer to guarantee that his association has appropriate channels for correspondence. To accomplish this, a pioneer needs to guarantee that data streams every which way. This guarantees data courses through all the degrees of the association without being misshaped. Simultaneously, the pioneer will have the option to know the necessities and requirements of his representatives. This will along these lines help the viability and effectiveness of the association and the pioneer specifically. At long last, a pioneer must have the option to basically investigate every circumstance and think of positive answers for them. To accomplish this, the pioneer should treat every circumstance in an une xpected way. He/she should have decision making ability and examination aptitudes. This will aid the recognizable proof of the issue and detailing of durable arrangements (Newstrom and Davis, 2003). Simultaneously, a pioneer should be steady in the way in which he/she takes a gander at circumstances. This will guarantee that there is consistency in the way where he/she directs his exercises. In that capacity, the association will develop and create in a positive way (Bass, 2010). Every one of these variables are fundamental really taking shape or distinguishing proof of a decent pioneer. These variables are basic in any association. It is the objective and targets of the considerable number of associations to accomplish their objectives and goals. To accomplish this, they have to create, develop and extend their administrations. This goal must be acknowledged by having a decent pioneer with wanted characteristics. Along these lines, it is the job of the pioneer to change an associat ion with the goal that it can understand its objectives and targets. There is a factor in any mind boggling framework that has the force and power to control the whole framework. For the most part, this factor is labor. After some time, man has had the chance to impact numerous frameworks on the planet. These days, man despite everything has a similar impact over numerous frameworks and subjects. This standard is alluded to as the Ashby rule of imperative assortment (Bateson, 2008).Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More To incorporate this hypothesis, expert in a plane is under the pilot, in a vehicle is the driver and in associations, it is the administration. This law subsequently shows that in each framework, there must be a person who runs and controls how a framework functions and works. This individual is the pioneer and is answerable for driving a framework an ideal way. The idea of administration is has been changing radically with time. Administration has been in presence for a long time. To carter for the changing needs of people, associations and social orders, administration models have been changed. Thus, the administration models that were by and by quite a few years back have become obsolete henceforth can't create the ideal outcomes in the cutting edge social orders. Because of this reality, a few examinations have been led to think of methods for creating people with authority characteristics to satisfy the need for pioneers in the advanced world. This idea has increased a great dea l of fame after the presumption that administration is a natural quality was seen not as obvious (Burns, 2009). The supposition that administration is a natural quality made it hard to choose people who have the ideal characteristics to run different associations. This is on the grounds that, various associations have various objectives and destinations and therefore, they require people who forces various characteristics to run and oversee them. Because of this reality, scientists focused on creating people who contained explicit characteristics that are required to lead in a given circumstance (Liontos, 2010). This along these lines guaranteed that associations will be run adequately and effectively and hence, they will have the option to accomplish their objectives and goals. Be that as it may, associations are dynamic in nature and the circumstances will in general change. This along these lines implies that another pioneer must be set up in light of the adjustment in the circum stance. To take care of this issue, researchers and scientists thought of an idea that made pioneers to be adaptable in the work and activity. To accomplish this, pioneers must contain a blend of wanted attributes and characteristics that will empower them to work under any circumstance and in any condition. A given association is made out of a few representatives who work to achieve the objectives and goals of the association that they are a piece of. They work at the various levels and divisions of the association. To guarantee that they work productively, they require a person who will regulate their activities and guarantee that every one of their exercises and tasks lead to the accomplishment of the objectives and goal of the association. John Adair, an analyst in the field of the board expressed that the requirements of the followe

Indigenous Tourism an Impact on Climate

Question: Talk about theIndigenous Tourism an Impact on Climate. Answer: Presentation: Australian Aboriginals have a long history of 50,000 years. Their history is of the information on the otherworldliness, they are known as the caretaker of the place where there is Australia and its way of life. The Australian indigenous the travel industry is known for its rough outback, unblemished characteristic magnificence, lavish rainforests and social inundations. Australian the travel industry in a fantastic manner elevates the travel industry to Australian Aboriginal land (Australia, 2016). In this task, an exploration proposition would be given about the effect on atmosphere of the Aboriginal spots of Australia. The exploration would comprise of investigation of components that impact the atmosphere of those spots, which are possessed by Aboriginals. Different elements would likewise be considered in the task. Writing Review Australian residential the travel industry as indicated by the information accessible for 2013-2014 has developed by 70% . The travel industry to Australia is a significant supporter of the economy of Australia and the year 2015 had been a generally excellent year. The vast majority of the travel industry to Australia is by Chinese voyagers. The travel industry to Australia has additionally observed a consistent development of individuals from Japan, South Korea and India. The Australian the travel industry has been certainly related with the improvement of Culture in Australia. The travel industry Australia in a great manner advances Indigenous the travel industry. Indigenous the travel industry is an approach to feature the Aboriginal culture of Australia (Siller and Zehrer 2016). Indigenous the travel industry is characterized by the Australian government wherein the Indigenous individuals are legitimately included. The indigenous individuals are included at every single step of the visit. A visit to the Australian indigenous district is one in which the guest takes part and encounters the Aboriginal culture. The visitor comprehends the workmanship, culture, food, and lifestyle. Indigenous the travel industry is considered by the Australian government as a key money related worker for the administration (Ruhanen, Whitford and McLennan 2015). An investigation was directed to evaluate the effect of the travel industry on the atmosphere. The examination dependent on the significant traveler goals of Australia researches the change that atmosphere does. The investigation likewise contemplated the adjustments in atmosphere vis- - vis the inflow of vacationers to Australia. A Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was made by Mieczkowski in 1985 to survey the fittingness of the atmosphere of a traveler goal for the travel industry purposes. It gives five climatic elements which are answerable for the development of the travel industry. The investigation gave the different districts which have a helpful atmosphere for the travel industry to happen. The examination likewise proposes that atmosphere is nevertheless just one factor which impacts the travel industry (Amelung and Nicholls 2014). An examination directed at the Mulka Cave of Western Australia found that the expansion in vacationers had a weakening impact on the earth. The contextual analysis included the correlation of pictures taken fifty years prior and the current day (Rossi and Webb 2013). The various variables that impact the travel industry is the warm part (which speaks to the surrounding temperature at the vacationer place), the physical segment (speaking to wind, downpour and snow which restricts the probability of the travel industry exercises) and the climatic highlights that are useful for the visitor getting a charge out of the traveler area (Scott, Hall and GoãÅ"ë†ssling 2012). An investigation at the Bruny and Magnetic Islands of Australia indicated that travel industry exercises had affected the atmosphere in the two islands. The examination demonstrated that however the travel industry was welcome since it empowered monetary development and social open doors it had negative effects which if not controlled can be amplified (Moyle, Weiler and Croy 2013). Research Aim The point of the examination is to discover the connection between climatic change and its effect on Indigenous the travel industry to Australia. Research Question The exploration question for this task is as per the following: What is the region of Indigenous the travel industry to Australia? Does Indigenous the travel industry affect Climate? What are the climatic variables which have been affected? Research Objective The goal of the examination is as per the following: To discover measure of Indigenous the travel industry to Australia at better places. To discover the level of Climatic changes at spots of Indigenous the travel industry places. To locate the climatic variables that have been affected Research Methodology The information on indigenous the travel industry will be seen from the travel industry Australia site. The information will be taken for better places, which have an indigenous populace. Climatic Data will be gathered from the Australian government sites. The elements as given by Mieczkowski ought to likewise be contemplated. Auxiliary information will be gathered for this exploration and optional research strategy would be utilized for the examination. Quantitative information will be gathered for the examination. Information throughout the previous five years would be gathered. Deductive research approach would be utilized to discover the connection between's the adjustment in atmosphere and its effect on the travel industry. The parameters of the atmosphere that have been influenced by the indigenous the travel industry would be checked. Along these lines a connection between the climatic change because of indigenous the travel industry would be built up. Expected Research Outcome A past report on the effect of atmosphere on the travel industry in Australia and New-Zealand focused on the ski districts of the two nations. The investigation found an immediate relationship between's environmental change and the measure of snow at the ski areas. Since the ski areas are sightseers puts henceforth the investigation finished up the effect that measure of snow would have on the travel industry (Hendrikx et.al. 2013). Different variables that impact the travel industry would likewise be thought of. This incorporates the projects being taken up by indigenous Australia to expand the travel industry. Atmosphere changes profoundly affect the regular habitat and therefore on the financial exercises of the spot. Since atmosphere is one of the essential factors that impacts the travel industry at a specific site along these lines an unfavorable environmental change will have a relating unfriendly impact of the travel industry area too. Subsequently with an expansion in indigenous the travel industry there may be an adjustment in atmosphere which will impact the travel industry part. End It would thus be able to be reasoned that the forcefulness of indigenous the travel industry will positively affect the travel industry at the Australian outback. Hence, an expansion in indigenous the travel industry will impact environmental change. The current research result is relied upon to follow this pattern. It will break down the environmental change that has occurred as a factor of indigenous the travel industry. In this way indigenous the travel industry and environmental change have an advantageous relationship. An unfriendly environmental change will influence indigenous the travel industry. References Amelung, B. furthermore, Nicholls, S., 2014. Ramifications of environmental change for the travel industry in Australia. The travel industry Management, 41, pp.228-244. Australia, T. (2016). Native Culture - Markets - Tourism Australia. [online] Tourism.australia.com. Accessible at: https://www.tourism.australia.com/native/native culture.aspx [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Hendrikx, J., Zammit, C., Hreinsson, E.. furthermore, Becken, S., 2013. A relative appraisal of the potential effect of environmental change on the ski business in New Zealand and Australia. Climatic Change, 119(3-4), pp.965-978. Moyle, B.D., Weiler, B. also, Croy, G., 2013. Guests impression of the travel industry impacts bruny and attractive islands, Australia. Diary of Travel Research, 52(3), pp.392-406. Ruhanen, L., Whitford, M. also, McLennan, C.L., 2015. Indigenous the travel industry in Australia: Time for a rude awakening. The travel industry Management, 48, pp.73-83. Rossi, A.M. also, Webb, R.E., 2013. The results of permitting unhindered traveler access at an Aboriginal site in a delicate situation: The erosive impact of stomping on. Protection and Management of Archeological Sites. Scott, D., Hall, C. also, GoãÅ"ë†ssling, S. (2012). The travel industry and environmental change. London: Routledge. Siller H., Zehrer A. 2016. Enterprise und Tourismus: Unternehmerisches Denken und Erfolgskonzepte aus der Praxis. Linde Verlag GmbH

How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps

How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps If you are reading this guide, it's very likely you may be doing secondary research for your dissertation, rather than primary. If this is indeed you, then here's the good news: secondary research is the easiest type of research! Congratulations! In a nutshell, secondary research is far more simple. So simple, in fact, that we have been able to explain how to do it completely in just 4 steps (see below). If nothing else, secondary research avoids the all-so-tiring efforts usually involved with primary research. Like recruiting your participants, choosing and preparing your measures, and spending days (or months) collecting your data. That said, you do still need to know how to do secondary research. Which is what you're here for. So, go make a decent-sized mug of your favourite hot beverage (consider a glass of water, too) then come back and get comfy. Here's what we'll cover in this guide: The basics: What's secondary research all about? Understanding secondary research Advantages of secondary research Disadvantages of secondary research Methods and purposes of secondary research Types of secondary data Sources of secondary data Secondary research process in 4 steps Step 1: Develop your research question(s) Step 2: Identify a secondary data set Step 3: Evaluate a secondary data set Step 4: Prepare and analyse secondary data Summary The basics: What's secondary research all about? Understanding secondary research So, what exactly do we mean when we say “secondary research”? To answer this question, let’s first recall what we mean by primary research. As you probably already know, primary research is when the researcher collects the data himself or herself. The researcher uses so-called “real-time” data, which means that the data is collected during the course of a specific research project and is under the researcher’s direct control. In contrast, secondary research involves data that has been collected by somebody else previously. This type of data is called “past data” and is usually accessible via past researchers, government records, and various online and offline resources. So to recap, secondary research involves re-analysing, interpreting, or reviewing past data. The role of the researcher is always to specify how this past data informs his or her current research. In contrast to primary research, secondary research is easier, particularly because the researcher is less involved with the actual process of collecting the data. Furthermore, secondary research requires less time and less money (i.e., you don’t need to provide your participants with compensation for participating or pay for any other costs of the research). TABLE 1 outlines the differences between primary and secondary research: Comparison basis PRIMARY RESEARCH SECONDARY RESEARCH Definition Involves collecting factual, first-hand data at the time of the research project Involves the use of data that was collected by somebody else in the past Type of data Real-time data Past data Conducted by The researcher himself/herself Somebody else Needs Addresses specific needs of the researcher May not directly address the researcher’s needs Involvement Researcher is very involved Researcher is less involved Completion time Long Short Cost High Low Advantages of secondary research Whatever type of research you are conducting, always be aware of its strengths and limitations. If you look at the table above, you should already be able to discern some advantages of secondary research. One of the most obvious advantages is that, compared to primary research, secondary research is inexpensive. Primary research usually requires spending a lot of money. For instance, members of the research team should be paid salaries. There are often travel and transportation costs. You may need to pay for office space and equipment, and compensate your participants for taking part. There may be other overhead costs too. These costs do not exist when doing secondary research. Although researchers may need to purchase secondary data sets, this is always less costly than if the research were to be conducted from scratch. As an undergraduate or graduate student, your dissertation project won't need to be an expensive endeavour. Thus, it is useful to know that you can further reduce costs, by using freely available secondary data sets. But this is far from the only consideration. Most students value another important advantage of secondary research, which is that secondary research saves you time. Primary research usually requires months spent recruiting participants, providing them with questionnaires, interviews, or other measures, cleaning the data set, and analysing the results. With secondary research, you can skip most of these daunting tasks; instead, you merely need to select, prepare, and analyse an existing data set. Moreover, you probably won’t need a lot of time to obtain your secondary data set, because secondary data is usually easily accessible. In the past, students needed to go to libraries and spend hours trying to find a suitable data set. New technologies make this process much less time-consuming. In most cases, you can find your secondary data through online search engines or by contacting previous researchers via email. A third important advantage of secondary research is that you can base your project on a large scope of data. If you wanted to obtain a large data set yourself, you would need to dedicate an immense amount of effort. What's more, if you were doing primary research, you would never be able to use longitudinal data in your graduate or undergraduate project, since it would take you years to complete. This is because longitudinal data involves assessing and re-assessing a group of participants over long periods of time. When using secondary data, however, you have an opportunity to work with immensely large data sets that somebody else has already collected. Thus, you can also deal with longitudinal data, which may allow you to explore trends and changes of phenomena over time. With secondary research, you are relying not only on a large scope of data, but also on professionally collected data. This is yet another advantage of secondary research. For instance, data that you will use for your secondary research project has been collected by researchers who are likely to have had years of experience in recruiting representative participant samples, designing studies, and using specific measurement tools. If you had collected this data yourself, your own data set would probably have more flaws, simply because of your lower level of expertise when compared to these professional researchers. Disadvantages of secondary research By now you may have concluded that using secondary data is a perfect option for your graduate or undergraduate dissertation. However, let’s not underestimate the disadvantages of doing secondary research. The first such disadvantage is that your secondary data may be, to a greater or lesser extent, inappropriate for your own research purposes. This is simply because you have not collected the data yourself. When you collect your data personally, you do so with a specific research question in mind. This makes it easy to obtain the relevant information. However, secondary data was always collected for the purposes of fulfilling other researchers’ goals and objectives. Thus, although secondary data may provide you with a large scope of professionally collected data, this data is unlikely to be fully appropriate to your own research question. There are several reasons for this. For instance, you may be interested in the data of a particular population, in a specific geographic region, and collected during a specific time frame. However, your secondary data may have focused on a slightly different population, may have been collected in a different geographical region, or may have been collected a long time ago. Apart from being potentially inappropriate for your own research purposes, secondary data could have a different format than you require. For instance, you might have preferred participants’ age to be in the form of a continuous variable (i.e., you want your participants to have indicated their specific age). But the secondary data set may contain a categorical age variable; for example, participants might have indicated an age group they belong to (e.g., 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, etc.). Or another example: A secondary data set may contain too few ethnic categories (e.g., “White” and “Other”), while you would ideally want a wider range of racial categories (e.g., “White”, “Black or African American”, “American Indian”, and “Asian”). Differences such as these mean that secondary data may not be perfectly appropriate for your research. The above two disadvantages may lead to yet another one: the existing data set may not answer your own research question(s) in an ideal way. As noted above, secondary data was collected with a different research question in mind, and this may limit its application to your own research purpose. Unfortunately, the list of disadvantages does not end here. An additional weakness of secondary data is that you have a lack of control over the quality of data. All researchers need to establish that their data is reliable and valid. But if the original researchers did not establish the reliability and validity of their data, this may limit its reliability and validity for your research as well. To establish reliability and validity, you are usually advised to critically evaluate how the data was gathered, analysed, and presented. But here lies the final disadvantage of doing secondary research: original researchers may fail to provide sufficient information on how their research was conducted. You might be faced with a lack of information on recruitment procedures, sample representativeness, data collection methods, employed measurement tools and statistical analyses, and the like. This may require you to take extra steps to obtain such information, if that is possible at all. TABLE 2 provides a full summary of advantages and disadvantages of secondary research: ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Inexpensive: Conducting secondary research is much cheaper than doing primary research Inappropriateness: Secondary data may not be fully appropriate for your research purposes Saves time: Secondary research takes much less time than primary research Wrong format: Secondary data may have a different format than you require Accessibility: Secondary data is usually easily accessible from online sources. May not answer your research question: Secondary data was collected with a different research question in mind Large scope of data: You can rely on immensely large data sets that somebody else has collected Lack of control over the quality of data: Secondary data may lack reliability and validity, which is beyond your control Professionally collected data: Secondary data has been collected by researchers with years of experience Lack of sufficient information: Original authors may not have provided sufficient information on various research aspects Methods and purposes of secondary research So far, we have defined secondary research and outlined its advantages and disadvantages. At this point, we should ask: “What are the methods of secondary research?” and “When do we use each of these methods?” Here, we can differentiate between three methods of secondary research: using a secondary data set in isolation, combining two secondary data sets, and combining secondary and primary data sets. Let’s outline each of these separately, and also explain when to use each of these methods. Initially, you can use a secondary data set in isolation â€" that is, without combining it with other data sets. You dig and find a data set that is useful for your research purposes and then base your entire research on that set of data. You do this when you want to re-assess a data set with a different research question in mind. Let’s illustrate this with a simple example. Suppose that, in your research, you want to investigate whether pregnant women of different nationalities experience different levels of anxiety during different pregnancy stages. Based on the literature, you have formed an idea that nationality may matter in this relationship between pregnancy and anxiety. If you wanted to test this relationship by collecting the data yourself, you would need to recruit many pregnant women of different nationalities and assess their anxiety levels throughout their pregnancy. It would take you at least a year to complete this research project. Instead of undertaking this long endeavour, you thus decide to find a secondary data set â€" one that investigated (for instance) a range of difficulties experienced by pregnant women in a nationwide sample. The original research question that guided this research could have been: “to what extent do pregnant women experience a range of mental health difficulties, including stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts?” The original researchers might have outlined women’s nationality, but weren’t particularly interested in investigating the link between women’s nationality and anxiety at different pregnancy stages. You are, therefore, re-assessing their data set with your own research question in mind. Your research may, however, require you to combine two secondary data sets. You will use this kind of methodology when you want to investigate the relationship between certain variables in two data sets or when you want to compare findings from two past studies. To take an example: One of your secondary data sets may focus on a target population’s tendency to smoke cigarettes, while the other data set focuses on the same population’s tendency to drink alcohol. In your own research, you may thus be looking at whether there is a correlation between smoking and drinking among this population. Here is a second example: Your two secondary data sets may focus on the same outcome variable, such as the degree to which people go to Greece for a summer vacation. However, one data set could have been collected in Britain and the other in Germany. By comparing these two data sets, you can investigate which nation tends to visit Greece more. Finally, your research project may involve combining primary and secondary data. You may decide to do this when you want to obtain existing information that would inform your primary research. Let’s use another simple example and say that your research project focuses on American versus British people’s attitudes towards racial discrimination. Let’s say that you were able to find a recent study that investigated Americans’ attitudes of these kind, which were assessed with a certain set of measures. However, your search finds no recent studies on Britons’ attitudes. Let’s also say that you live in London and that it would be difficult for you to assess Americans’ attitudes on the topic, but clearly much more straightforward to conduct primary research on British attitudes. In this case, you can simply reuse the data from the American study and adopt exactly the same measures with your British participants. Your secondary data is being combined with your primary data. Alternatively, you may combine these types of data when the role of your secondary data is to outline descriptive information that supports your research. For instance, if your project is focusing on attitudes towards McDonald’s food, you may want to support your primary research with secondary data that outlines how many people eat McDonald’s in your country of choice. TABLE 3 summarises particular methods and purposes of secondary research: METHOD PURPOSE Using secondary data set in isolation Re-assessing a data set with a different research question in mind Combining two secondary data sets Investigating the relationship between variables in two data sets or comparing findings from two past studies Combining secondary and primary data sets Obtaining existing information that informs your primary research Types of secondary data The two most common types of secondary research are, as with all types of data, quantitative and qualitative. Secondary research can, therefore, be conducted by using either quantitative or qualitative data sets. We have already provided above several examples of using quantitative secondary data. This type of data is used when the original study has investigated a population’s tendency to smoke or drink alcohol, the degree to which people from different nationalities go to Greece for their summer vacation, or the degree to which pregnant women experience anxiety. In all these examples, outcome variables were assessed by questionnaires, and thus the obtained data was numerical. Quantitative secondary research is much more common than qualitative secondary research. However, this is not to say that you cannot use qualitative secondary data in your research project. This type of secondary data is used when you want the previously-collected information to inform your current research. More specifically, it is used when you want to test the information obtained through qualitative research by implementing a quantitative methodology. For instance, a past qualitative study might have focused on the reasons why people choose to live on boats. This study might have interviewed some 30 participants and noted the four most important reasons people live on boats: (1) they can lead a transient lifestyle, (2) they have an increased sense of freedom, (3) they feel that they are “world citizens”, and (4) they can more easily visit their family members who live in different locations. In your own research, you can therefore reuse this qualitative data to form a questionnaire, which you then give to a larger population of people who live on boats. This will help you to generalise the previously-obtained qualitative results to a broader population. Importantly, you can also re-assess a qualitative data set in your research, rather than using it as a basis for your quantitative research. Let’s say that your research focuses on the kind of language that people who live on boats use when describing their transient lifestyles. The original research did not focus on this research question per se â€" however, you can reuse the information from interviews to “extract” the types of descriptions of a transient lifestyle that were given by participants. TABLE 4 highlights the two main types of secondary data and their associated purposes: TYPES PURPOSES Quantitative Both can be used when you want to (a) inform your current research with past data, and (b) re-assess a past data set Qualitative Both can be used when you want to (a) inform your current research with past data, and (b) re-assess a past data set Sources of secondary data The two most common types of secondary data sources are labelled as internal and external. Internal sources of data are those that are internal to the organisation in question. For instance, if you are doing a research project for an organisation (or research institution) where you are an intern, and you want to reuse some of their past data, you would be using internal data sources. The benefit of using these sources is that they are easily accessible and there is no associated financial cost of obtaining them. External sources of data, on the other hand, are those that are external to an organisation or a research institution. This type of data has been collected by “somebody else”, in the literal sense of the term. The benefit of external sources of data is that they provide comprehensive data â€" however, you may sometimes need more effort (or money) to obtain it. Let’s now focus on different types of internal and external secondary data sources. There are several types of internal sources. For instance, if your research focuses on an organisation’s profitability, you might use their sales data. Each organisation keeps a track of its sales records, and thus your data may provide information on sales by geographical area, types of customer, product prices, types of product packaging, time of the year, and the like. Alternatively, you may use an organisation’s financial data. The purpose of using this data could be to conduct a cost-benefit analysis and understand the economic opportunities or outcomes of hiring more people, buying more vehicles, investing in new products, and so on. Another type of internal data is transport data. Here, you may focus on outlining the safest and most effective transportation routes or vehicles used by an organisation. Alternatively, you may rely on marketing data, where your goal would be to assess the benefits and outcomes of different marketing operations and strategies. Some other ideas would be to use customer data to ascertain the ideal type of customer, or to use safety data to explore the degree to which employees comply with an organisation’s safety regulations. The list of the types of internal sources of secondary data can be extensive; the most important thing to remember is that this data comes from a particular organisation itself, in which you do your research in an internal manner. The list of external secondary data sources can be just as extensive. One example is the data obtained through government sources. These can include social surveys, health data, agricultural statistics, energy expenditure statistics, population censuses, import/export data, production statistics, and the like. Government agencies tend to conduct a lot of research, therefore covering almost any kind of topic you can think of. Another external source of secondary data are national and international institutions, including banks, trade unions, universities, health organisations, etc. As with government, such institutions dedicate a lot of effort to conducting up-to-date research, so you simply need to find an organisation that has collected the data on your own topic of interest. Alternatively, you may obtain your secondary data from trade, business, and professional associations. These usually have data sets on business-related topics and are likely to be willing to provide you with secondary data if they understand the importance of your research. If your research is built on past academic studies, you may also rely on scientific journals as an external data source. Once you have specified what kind of secondary data you need, you can contact the authors of the original study. As a final example of a secondary data source, you can rely on data from commercial research organisations. These usually focus their research on media statistics and consumer information, which may be relevant if, for example, your research is within media studies or you are investigating consumer behaviour. TABLE 5 summarises the two sources of secondary data and associated examples: INTERNAL SOURCES EXTERNAL SOURCES Definition: Internal to the organisation or research institution where you conduct your research Definition: External to the organisation or research institution where you conduct your research Examples: • Sales data • Financial data • Transport data • Marketing data • Customer data • Safety data Examples: • Government sources • National and international institutions • Trade, business, and professional associations • Scientific journals • Commercial research organisations Secondary research process in 4 steps In previous sections of this guide, we have covered some basic aspects of doing secondary research. We have defined secondary data, outlined its advantages and disadvantages, introduced the methods and purposes of secondary research, and outlined the types and sources of secondary data. At this point, you should have a clearer understanding of secondary research in general terms. Now it may be useful to focus on the actual process of doing secondary research. This next section is organised to introduce you to each step of this process, so that you can rely on this guide while planning your study. At the end of this blog post, in Table 6, you will find a summary of all the steps of doing secondary research. Step 1: Develop your research question(s) Secondary research begins exactly like any type of research: by developing your research question(s). For an undergraduate thesis, you are often provided with a specific research question by your supervisor. But for most other types of research, and especially if you are doing your graduate thesis, you need to arrive at a research question yourself. The first step here is to specify the general research area in which your research will fall. For example, you may be interested in the topic of anxiety during pregnancy, or tourism in Greece, or transient lifestyles. Since we have used these examples previously, it may be useful to rely on them again to illustrate our discussion. Once you have identified your general topic, your next step consists of reading through existing papers to see whether there is a gap in the literature that your research can fill. At this point, you may discover that previous research has not investigated national differences in the experiences of anxiety during pregnancy, or national differences in a tendency to go to Greece for a summer vacation, or that there is no literature generalising the findings on people’s choice to live on boats. Having found your topic of interest and identified a gap in the literature, you need to specify your research question. In our three examples, research questions would be specified in the following manner: (1) “Do women of different nationalities experience different levels of anxiety during different stages of pregnancy?”, (2) “Are there any differences in an interest in Greek tourism between Germans and Britons?”, and (3) “Why do people choose to live on boats?”. Step 2: Identify a secondary data set As we mentioned above, most research begins by specifying what is already known on the topic and what knowledge seems to be missing. This process involves considering the kind of data previously collected on the topic. It is at this point, after reviewing the literature and specifying your research questions, that you may decide to rely on secondary data. You will do this if you discover that there is past data that would be perfectly reusable in your own research, therefore helping you to answer your research question more thoroughly (and easily). But how do you discover if there is past data that could be useful for your research? You do this through reviewing the literature on your topic of interest. During this process, you will identify other researchers, organisations, agencies, or research centres that have explored your research topic. Somewhere there, you may discover a useful secondary data set. You then need to contact the original authors and ask for a permission to use their data. (Note, however, that this happens only if you are relying on external sources of secondary data. If you are doing your research internally (i.e., within a particular organisation), you don’t need to search through the literature for a secondary data set â€" you can just reuse some past data that was collected within the organisation itself.) In any case, you need to ensure that a secondary data set is a good fit for your own research question. Once you have established that it is, you need to specify the reasons why you have decided to rely on secondary data. For instance, your choice to rely on secondary data in the above examples might be as follows: (1) A recent study has focused on a range of mental difficulties experienced by women in a multinational sample and this data can be reused; (2) There is existing data on Germans’ and Britons’ interest in Greek tourism and these data sets can be compared; and (3) There is existing qualitative research on the reasons for choosing to live on boats, and this data can be relied upon to conduct a further quantitative investigation. Step 3: Evaluate a secondary data set If you recall our previous discussion on the disadvantages of secondary data, you will remember us specifying that: (1) secondary data may not be fully appropriate for your research purposes, (2) secondary data may have a different format than you require, (3) secondary data may lack reliability and validity, (4) secondary data may not answer your research question, and (5) original authors may have failed to provide sufficient information about their research. Because such disadvantages of secondary data can limit the effectiveness of your research, it is crucial that you evaluate a secondary data set. To ease this process, we outline here a reflective approach that will allow you to evaluate secondary data in a stepwise fashion. Step 3(a): What was the aim of the original study? When evaluating secondary data, you first need to identify the aim of the original study. This is important because the original authors’ goals will have impacted several important aspects of their research, including their population of choice, sample, employed measurement tools, and the overall context of the research. During this step, you also need to pay close attention to any differences in research purposes and research questions between the original study and your own investigation. As we have discussed previously, you will often discover that the original study had a different research question in mind, and it is important for you to specify this difference. Let’s put this step of identifying the aim of the original study in practice, by referring to our three research examples. The aim of the first research example was to investigate mental difficulties (e.g., stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts) in a multinational sample of pregnant women. How does this aim differ from your research aim? Well, you are seeking to reuse this data set to investigate national differences in anxiety experienced by women during different pregnancy stages. When it comes to the second research example, you are basing your research on two secondary data sets â€" one that aimed to investigate Germans’ interest in Greek tourism and the other that aimed to investigate Britons’ interest in Greek tourism. While these two studies focused on particular national populations, the aim of your research is to compare Germans’ and Britons’ tendency to visit Greece for summer vacation. Finally, in our third example, the original research was a qualitative investigation into the reasons for living on boats. Your research question is different, because, although you are seeking to do the same investigation, you wish to do so by using a quantitative methodology. Importantly, in all three examples, you conclude that secondary data may in fact answer your research question. If you conclude otherwise, it may be wise to find a different secondary data set or to opt for primary research. Step 3(b): Who has collected the data? A further step in evaluating a secondary data set is to ask yourself who has collected the data. To what institution were the authors affiliated? Were the original authors professional enough to trust their research? Usually, you will be able to obtain this information through quick online searches. Let’s say that, in our example of research on pregnancy, data was collected by the UK government; that in our example of research on Greek tourism, the data was collected by a travel agency; and that in our example of research on the reasons for choosing to live on boats, the data was collected by researchers from a UK university. Let’s also say that you have checked the background of these organisations and researchers, and that you have concluded that they all have a sufficiently professional background, except for the travel agency. Given that this agency’s research did not lead to a publication (for instance), and given that not much can be found about the authors of the research, you conclude that the professionalism of this data source remains unclear. Step 3(c): Which measures were employed? If the study on which you are basing your research was conducted in a professional manner, you can expect to have access to all the essential information regarding this research. Original authors should have documented all their sample characteristics, measures, procedures, and protocols. This information can be obtained either in their final research report or through contacting the authors directly. It is important for you to know what type of data was collected, which measures were used, and whether such measures were reliable and valid (if they were quantitative measures). You also need to make a clear outline of the type of data collected â€" and especially the data relevant for your research. Let’s say that, in our first example, researchers have (among other assessed variables) used a demographic measure to note women’s nationalities and have used the State Anxiety Inventory to assess women’s anxiety levels during different pregnancy stages, both of which you conclude are valid and reliable tools. In our second example, the authors might have crafted their own measure to assess interest in Greek tourism, but there may be no established validity and reliability for this measure. And in our third example, the authors have employed semi-structured interviews, which cover the most important reasons for wanting to live on boats. Step 3(d): When was the data collected? When evaluating secondary data, you should also note when the data was collected. The reason for this is simple: if the data was collected a long time ago, you may conclude that it is outdated. And if the data is outdated, then what’s the point of reusing it? Ideally, you want your secondary data to have been collected within the last five years. For the sake of our examples, let’s say that all three original studies were conducted within this time-range. Step 3(e): What methodology was used to collect the data? When evaluating the quality of a secondary data set, the evaluation of the employed methodology may be the most crucial step. We have already noted that you need to evaluate the reliability and validity of employed measures. In addition to this, you need to evaluate how the sample was obtained, whether the sample was large enough, if the sample was representative of the population, if there were any missing responses on employed measures, whether confounders were controlled for, and whether the employed statistical analyses were appropriate. Any drawbacks in the original methodology may limit your own research as well. For the sake of our examples, let’s say that the study on mental difficulties in pregnant women recruited a representative sample of pregnant women (i.e., they had different nationalities, different economic backgrounds, different education levels, etc.) in maternity wards of seven hospitals; that the sample was large enough (N = 945); that the number of missing values was low; that many confounders were controlled for (e.g., education level, age, presence of partnership, etc.); and that statistical analyses were appropriate (e.g., regression analyses were used). Let’s further say that our second research example had slightly less sufficient methodology. Although the number of participants in the two samples was high enough (N1 = 453; N2 = 488), the number of missing values was low, and statistical analyses were appropriate (descriptive statistics), the authors failed to report how they recruited their participants and whether they controlled for any confounders. Let’s say that these authors also failed to provide you with more information via email. Finally, let’s assume that our third research example also had sufficient methodology, with a sufficiently large sample size for a qualitative investigation (N = 30), high sample representativeness (participants with different backgrounds, coming from different boat communities), and sufficient analyses (thematic analysis). Note that, since this was a qualitative investigation, there is no need to evaluate the number of missing values and the use of confounders. Step 3(f): Making a final evaluation Having considered all the things outlined in the steps above, what can you conclude regarding the quality of your secondary data set? Again, let’s consider our three examples. We would conclude that the secondary data from our first research example has a high quality. Data was recently collected by professionals, the employed measures were both reliable and valid, and the methodology was more than sufficient. We can be confident that our new research question can be sufficiently answered with the existing data. Thus, the data set for our first example is ideal. The two secondary data sets from our second research example seem, however, less than ideal. Although we can answer our research questions on the basis of these recent data sets, the data was collected by an unprofessional source, the reliability and validity of the employed measure is uncertain, and the employed methodology has a few notable drawbacks. Finally, the data from our third example seems sufficient both for answering our research question and in terms of the specific evaluations (data was collected recently by a professional source, semi-structured interviews were well made, and the employed methodology was sufficient). The final question to ask is: “what can be done if our evaluation reveals the lack of appropriateness of secondary data?”. The answer, unfortunately, is “nothing”. In this instance, you can only note the drawbacks of the original data set, present its limitations, and conclude that your own research may not be sufficiently well grounded. Step 4: Prepare and analyse secondary data During the secondary data evaluation process, you will familiarise yourself with the original research. Having done so, your next step is to prepare a secondary data set. Your first sub-step here (if you are doing quantitative research) is to outline all variables of interest that you will use in your study. In our first example, you could have at least five variables of interest: (1) women’s nationality, (2) anxiety levels at the beginning of pregnancy, (3) anxiety levels at three months of pregnancy, (4) anxiety levels at six months of pregnancy, and (5) anxiety levels at nine months of pregnancy. In our second example, you will have two variables of interest: (1) participants’ nationality, and (2) the degree of interest in going to Greece for a summer vacation. Once your variables of interest are identified, you need to transfer this data into a new SPSS or Excel file. Remember simply to copy this data into the new file â€" it is vital that you do not alter it! Once this is done, you should address missing data (identify and label them) and recode variables if necessary (e.g., giving a value of 1 to German participants and a value of 2 to British participants). You may also need to reverse-score some items, so that higher scores on all items indicate a higher degree of what is being assessed. Most of the time, you will also need to create new variables â€" that is, to compute final scores. For instance, in our example of research on anxiety during pregnancy, your data will consist of scores on each item of the State Anxiety Inventory, completed at various times during pregnancy. You will need to calculate final anxiety scores for each time the measure was completed. Your final step consists of analysing the data. You will always need to decide on the most suitable analysis technique for your secondary data set. In our first research example, you would rely on MANOVA (to see if women of different nationalities experience different stress levels at the beginning, at three months, at six months, and at nine months of pregnancy); and in our second example, you would use an independent samples t-test (to see if interest in Greek tourism differs between Germans and Britons). The process of preparing and analysing a secondary data set is slightly different if your secondary data is qualitative. In our example on the reasons for living on boats, you would first need to outline all reasons for living on boats, as recognised by the original qualitative research. Then you would need to craft a questionnaire that assesses these reasons in a broader population. Finally, you would need to analyse the data by employing statistical analyses. Note that this example combines qualitative and quantitative data. But what if you are reusing qualitative data, as in our previous example of re-coding the interviews from our study to discover the language used when describing transient lifestyles? Here, you would simply need to recode the interviews and conduct a thematic analysis. TABLE 6: STEPS FOR DOING SECONDARY RESEARCH EXAMPLE 1: USING SECONDARY DATA IN ISOLATION EXAMPLE 2: COMBINING TWO SECONDARY DATA SETS Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data 1. Develop your research question Do women of different nationalities experience different levels of anxiety during different stages of pregnancy? Are there differences in an interest in Greek tourism between Germans and Britons? Why do people choose to live on boats? 2. Identify a secondary data set A recent study has focused on a range of mental difficulties experienced by women in a multinational sample and this data can be reused There is existing data on Germans’ and Britons’ interest in Greek tourism and these data sets can be compared There is existing qualitative research on the reasons for choosing to live on boats, and this data can be relied upon to conduct a further quantitative investigation 3. Evaluate a secondary data set (a) What was the aim of the original study? To investigate mental difficulties (e.g., stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts) in a multinational sample of pregnant women Study 1: To investigate Germans’ interest in Greek tourism; Study 2: To investigate Britons’ interest in Greek tourism To conduct a qualitative investigation on reasons for choosing to live on boats (b) Who has collected the data? UK government (professional source) Travel agency (uncertain professionalism) UK university (professional source) (c) Which measures were employed? Demographic characteristics (nationality) and State Anxiety Inventory (reliable and valid) Self-crafted measure to assess interest in Greek tourism (reliability and validity not established) Semi-structured interviews (well-constructed) (d) When was the data collected? 2015 (not outdated) 2013 (not outdated) 2014 (not outdated) (e) What methodology was used to collect the data? Sample was representative (women from different backgrounds); large sample size (N = 975); low number of missing values; confounders controlled for (e.g., age, education, partnership status); analyses appropriate (regression) Sample representativeness not reported; sufficient sample sizes (N1 = 453, N2 = 488); low number of missing values; confounders not controlled for; analyses appropriate (descriptive statistics) Sample was representative (participants of different backgrounds, from different boat communities); sufficient sample size (N = 30); analyses appropriate (thematic analysis) (f) Making a final evaluation Sufficiently developed data set Insufficiently developed data set Sufficiently developed data set 4. Prepare and analyse secondary data Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data Outline all reasons for living on boats; Craft a questionnaire that assesses these reasons in a broader population; Analyse the data In summary… This might have been a long read to accompany your cup of coffee or tea, but you should, by now, know how to do your secondary research. Hopefully you will have concluded that doing secondary research is not that hard. Just follow the guidelines summarised in Table 6 and you are all set. ^ Jump to top The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation See all articles in the series How to do your dissertation secondary research in 4 steps A complete guide to dissertation primary research How to write a dissertation proposal Navigating tutorials with your dissertation supervisor Planning a dissertation: the dos and donts Dissertation research: how to find dissertation resources dissertation helpdissertation primary researchdissertation researchdissertation tipsstudy skillsstudy tips

Essay Samples About Only Disconnect by Evgeny Morozov - Best Novel of the Year

<h1>Essay Samples About Only Disconnect by Evgeny Morozov - Best Novel of the Year</h1><p>Essay tests about just detach by Evgeny Morozov is an intriguing book that truly handles the significance of being separated from the wellspring of one's worth. Presently I won't state that all individuals who are discouraged have no satisfaction. Yet, numerous individuals who are discouraged have a great deal of motivation to be depressed.</p><p></p><p>Essay tests about just disengage by Evgeny Morozov was composed as a result of his own encounters of his downturn. Evgeny Morozov experienced childhood in Russia and was as of late determined to have an uncommon sickness that left him in a state of extreme lethargy for two months. His condition even lead to the passing of his father.</p><p></p><p>For numerous individuals the exposition tests about just disengage by Evgeny Morozov is a reminder. A reminder for the individuals who te nd to simply feel so disengaged from their background, that it is simpler to simply close the brain and decline to make a move. Be that as it may, for Evgeny Morozov the circumstance was a reminder. In any case, Evgeny was a special case and numerous others in his position are not all that lucky.</p><p></p><p>Essay tests about just separate by Evgeny Morozov and his book is a ground-breaking read for individuals who tend to simply disregard a basic job they play in their lives. The book isn't just about melancholy. It likewise takes a gander at different parts of living with extreme depression.</p><p></p><p>Evgeny Morozov is an away from of somebody who had the capacity to do well in school, no issue; a brilliant wellbeing history, magnificent wellbeing. In any case, the things that made him fit and simple to live with simply caused him to feel so disengaged from his life. Also, that left him feeling like he was going to kick the bucke t soon.</p><p></p><p>The expositions in Essay tests about just detach by Evgeny Morozov might be somewhat difficult to peruse. Yet, perusing the book is substantially more than simply perusing the book. Finding out about the genuine individual, Evgeny Morozov gives us how really the composing can change the life.</p><p></p><p>But how might we offer ourselves the chance to mend from the state of sorrow and not feel alone? On the off chance that you have been to the specialist recently and have been given a few sorts of solutions for antidepressants and against tension medications. This doesn't matter.</p>

Some Popular GRE Research Paper Topics

<h1>Some Popular GRE Research Paper Topics</h1><p>Popular Gre Research Paper Topics is probably the most ordinarily observed research papers nowadays. Since GRE is such an incredible estimation instrument for organizations to assess up-and-comers, it just bodes well that organizations should think of good GRE Research Paper themes. By thinking of some generally excellent subjects, organizations can distinguish which points really apply to their own organizations.</p><p></p><p>It's constantly a smart thought to ensure that your exploration paper themes are identified with the subject of your course also. Doing this permits you to have a decent comprehension of the GRE test that you will be taking, and what it is about the test that will make your GRE score.</p><p></p><p>Since such a large number of individuals will be taking the GRE this year, there will be a great deal of new and great points for you to investigate. Wh ile a considerable lot of the points that you are going to discover in books and magazines are not, at this point even evident. Actually, a considerable lot of them probably won't have any significant bearing to your association. Moreover, not these subjects are even essential for a decent GRE paper.</p><p></p><p>When you are inquiring about the incomparable GRE Test points out there, you will most likely locate that a few themes are identified with associations and others to singular people. A portion of the GRE look into paper points that you will explore for your own examination incorporate GRE inquiries on vocation objectives, scholarly interests, investigate premiums, and side interests. Truth be told, every one of these subjects has a few sub-themes that you can research to see which points apply to your organization.</p><p></p><p>For model, a portion of the GRE look into paper themes that you can inquire about for your own schoo l incorporate scholarly encounters at secondary school, how your school was overseen by the organization, and ebb and flow school issues. A considerable lot of these subjects may concern you yet there are positively all that anyone could need to explore that you will need to keep you alternatives open.</p><p></p><p>Now, obviously, you would prefer not to need to burn through your time or exertion by doing research for only one GRE test, yet you unquestionably need to get the most ideal GRE score. All things considered, the GRE is only one test out of the numerous that will be occurring during the affirmations process.</p><p></p><p>By altogether examining the GRE inquire about paper subjects accessible, you can guarantee that you get the most ideal score. Likewise, since the GRE scores are so firmly protected privileged insights, you can have confidence that you will get an incredible score.</p>

Things You Should Know About Essay Help

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Money at the Movies Will The Oscars Reward a Box Office Winner or a Total No-Show

Money at the Movies Will The Oscars Reward a Box Office Winner or a Total No-Show Money at the Movies: Will The Oscars Reward a Box Office Winner or a Total No-Show? Money at the Movies: Will The Oscars Reward a Box Office Winner or a Total No-Show?Black Panther and Bohemian Rhapsody were international smash hits, while Roma drastically increased its viewership by skipping theatres entirely.Last year on this blog, we set out on a slightly cock-eyed mission to predict the 2018 Oscar winner for Best Picture based on how much money the films had earned at the box office. After sorting through 20 years of data on all the Best Picture winners and nominees and picking out some statistical trends, we came to the conclusion that … Three Billboards Outside of Ebbing, Missouri was going to win the big prize.Okay, so we biffed it. But we weren’t way off, either, as we identified the eventual winner, The Shape of Water as one of the top candidates to take home the big prize. Rather than try and simply repeat the experiment this year, we decided to take a broader view of the relationship between the Oscars and the box office.Why? Because after years of re warding films with modest grosses and snubbing the year’s biggest box office performers, this year could look a lot different. Not only are there two serious contenders for Best Picture that were also box office hits, but the odds-on favorite to win the top award didn’t record any box office grosses at all. Since expanding to 10 nominees, box office gold means a Best Picture loss.(All figures via Box Office Mojo.)After snubbing Christopher Nolan’s critical and box-office success  The Dark Knight in 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (aka, The Academy), decided things needed to change. For the 2010 Oscars, they expanded the Best Picture field to 10 nominees. Two years later, they tweaked the system to allow for anywhere between five and 10 nominees; every year since has seen either eight or nine films nominated.The results . were probably not what they had in mind. Despite the inclusion of massively successful films like Avatar, Up, and The Blindside, the fir st film to win Best Picture after they expanded the field was The Hurt Locker, the lowest-grossing winner in the 20 years we sampled. (For a more thorough breakdown of the Best Picture nominees and their box office performances, check out last year’s post.)And this wasn’t a one-off incident either. Since the Best Picture slate expanded in 2009, none of the top-three grossing nominees in any given year has won Best Picture. Only three out of a possible nine winners sat in the top half of their respective fields: The King’s Speech (2011), Argo (2013), and last year’s The Shape of Water, all of which placed fourth.The change was intended to let in more popular films like The Dark Knightâ€"and it did. But it did the opposite as well, swelling the Best Picture ranks with smaller films that, at the very least, haven’t helped the ceremony’s half-decade-long slide in the ratings.Between 1998 and 2009â€"all years we sampled in which the Best Picture field contained five nomineesâ €"only six films were included that made over $200 million at the box office: Titanic, the Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Sixth Sense, and Saving Private Ryan. From 2010 on, eleven films with domestic grosses over $200 million have been nominated. Thats almost twice as many! Still, there have been four years where no film earned over $200 million.On the flipside: Between 1998 and 2009, 19 films that grossed under $50 million domestically were nominated for Best Picture. None of them won: the closest was Crash in 2006, which grossed a little over $54 million. Since 2010, 31 films with grosses under $50 million have been nominated for Best Picture. There was also an increase in Best Picture nominees that grossed under $20 million, from two between 1998 and 2009 to 13 from 2010 on.Here’s the difference: The bigger movies don’t win, while the smaller movies do. From 1998 to 2009, only two Best Picture winners grossed under $100 million: Crash, and No Country for Old Men ($74 million ). (For people who argue that a lower box office haul might be indicative of a better, more artistically worthy film, the fact that Crash was the lowest-grossing winner in that timespan should give them pause.)Since 2010, six out of nine Best Picture winners have grossed under $50 million: The Hurt Locker ($17 million), The Artist ($44 million), 12 Years a Slave ($27 million), Birdman ($42 million), Spotlight ($45 million), and Moonlight ($27 million). Argo and The King’s Speech are the only post-2009 winners to gross over $100 million, and  The Shape of Water grossed $54 million.  Argo’s win in 2013 was the last time a film that grossed over $55 million won.Why is this happening? Blame superheroes and preferential voting.When the Academy expanded their Best Picture slate, they also made a change to how Best Picture votes are tabulated. They went from a simple “most votes is the winner” system to a far more complicated “preferential” system.In short: voters rank all the nominated films from first to last. If no film cracks 50 percent of the first place votes, that’s when the fun begins. The film with the fewest number of first-place votes is dropped, and all the second place votes from those ballots are redistributed as first-place votes to the other films. This process repeats itself until one film  crosses the 50 percent threshold.In previous years, a movie could (theoretically, at least) win the Best Picture race with 21 percent of the overall vote. Now, they not only need as many first-place votes as possible to win, but as many second, third, and even fourth place votes as they can muster. While the Academy doesn’t release their voting tallies, it’s a safe bet that many of these films won because they were many people’s second or third favorite nominee.Needless to say, this preferential voting system has had a huge effect on which films win Best Picture; but so has the way that Hollywood’s changed over the past decade. Namely, they h ave given themselves over to superheroes, franchises, sequels, and animated kids movies. The sorts of middle-brow, adult-themed fair that used to cost under $100 to make and gross over $150 million domestic is quickly going extinct.And rather than adjust to this new reality, the Academy has stood firmâ€"likely to their detriment. Back in the day, Hollywood churned out musicals like they were going out of business. Many were bad, but some were very good and successful. Guess what? Those musicals got nominated for and sometimes won Oscars! In fact,  An American in Paris, Gigi, West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, and Oliver!  all won Best Picture.Even though the Academy expanded The Best Picture field because of The Dark Knight, there were exactly zero comic book movies nominated for Best Picture prior to this year. Other than a couple of Pixar movies (Up, Toy Story 3), and a handful of high-end sci-fi blockbusters (District 9, Inception, Gravity, Mad Max: Fury Road, and The Martian)â€"pus the surprise hit that was American Sniperâ€"the Academy has steered clear of mainstream popcorn fare.Until this year, that is …The 2019 Academy Awards could be unlike any other Oscars in recent memory.Not only do the 2019 Academy Awards Best Picture nominees boast the largest combined domestic box office haul since 2011, but they contain the first superhero movie ever nominated for Best Picture and the first movie ever nominated from a streaming service.Before we dive into the weeds, here are the nominees:NomineeDomestic Box OfficeBlack Panther$700,059,566Bohemian Rhapsody$212,313,860A Star is Born$210,046,694Green Book$66,921,421BlacKkKlansman$48,686,605Vice$46,328,611The Favourite$31,423,763RomaN/AIn order to tell the story of the 2019 Best Picture raceâ€"and its potentially unique place in recent Oscars historyâ€"you need to tell the story of four nominees:Green BookFrom a box office perspective, this is your classic Best picture winner. Leaving aside the fa ct that it’s a socially-conscious period piece (which also  makes it an obvious  Best Picture contender), Green Book has a solid yet modest domestic gross of $66 million the kind that puts it right in line with recent winners. Weirdly enough, it would still be the highest-grossing winner since Argo.Setting aside the various controversies surrounding the film, Green Book would the sort of winner that signals business as usual from the Academyâ€"at least in terms of box office performance.Black PantherWith a domestic haul of over $700 million, Black Panther was the number one movie at the 2018 U.S. box office. Not only that, it was a genuine cultural phenomenon and a high-water mark for the decade-long, very profitable,  Marvel Cinematic Universe.Finally, 10 years after The Dark Knight’s Oscars snub changed everything, Black Panther finally lived up to the promise: that just because a film is based on a superhero comic, doesn’t mean it isn’t one of the best films of the year.A Black Panther win would mean a lot of thingsâ€"many of them far more important than how much money the movie made at the box officeâ€"but the Academy finally acknowledging the modern Hollywood era of franchises and superheroes would be no small story.RomaWhen trying to judge the Oscar nominees based on their box office performances, Alfonso Cuaron’s lyrical memoir, Roma, throws everything into a tizzy. Why? Because the film was produced by Netflix and released on their streaming platform.With an incredibly limited U.S theatrical release to make sure the film qualifiedâ€"and a slightly wider release to appease cinephilesâ€"the Romas domestic box office numbers are basically zero. (According to Box Office Mojo, a very limited foreign release has brought in $307,000.)Of course, the irony here is that Cuaron’s film almost certainly got seen by way more people through Netflix than it would have otherwise. Still, Hollywood is worried about how Netflix and other streaming services are upending the movie businessâ€"a view that has affected Roma’s Oscar campaign.Past nominees like Moonlight and 12 Years a Slave provide a clear precedent for a film like Roma, both in terms of artistry and box office performance; neither film cleared $30 million at the box office, which feels about right for a 135-minute, black-and-white foreign language film. (Fellow nominee The Favourite, which grossed just over $31 million, also falls into this category).In an industry where box office success is synonymous with popularity, a win for Roma could be a sign that The Academy is adjusting to a new ageâ€"one where filmmakers trade box office receipts for larger audiences via streaming.Bohemian RhapsodyThis would definitely be the weirdest winner. In any other year, this Queen biopic would seem like your standard non-contender, but its surprisingly strong performance at the Golden Globes and at a number of the industry Guild awardsâ€"plus star Rami Malek’s near-assured Best Actor wi n for his turn as singer Freddie Mercuryâ€"place Bohemian Rhapsody right in the mix.Despite a tumultuous production process, very mixed reviews, and allegations of sexual abuse against the movie’s original director Bryan Singer, the film has been a hit with audiences, grossing over $212 million dollars domesticallyâ€"only slightly more than fellow nominee  A Star is Born.But once you factor in its performance overseas, thats when it separates itself from the rest of the (non-Black Panther) pack. Here are the total worldwide grosses for all eight nominees:NomineeWorldwide Box OfficeBlack Panther$1,346,913,161Bohemian Rhapsody$854,358,785A Star is Born$423,146,694Green Book$128,386,261BlacKkKlansman$90,561,607Vice$55,728,611The Favourite$77,850,164Roma$307,396Wow. Bohemian Rhapsody was a hit in the U.S., but it was a mega-smash everywhere else. $854 million worldwide is a crazy good number, and Bohemian Rhapsody’s U.S. grosses represent less than a fourth of its overall gross. The only other nominee whose U.S. performance represented less than 50 percent of its worldwide gross was A Star is Born … which came in at 49 percent.As foreign grosses become an increasingly critical part of Hollywood’s business, the definition of success is changing along with it. Movies that perform well domestically but underperform internationally are judged more harshly, and vice versa. Studios are greenlighting certain projects based on how they can perform across the world, not just in America.With Roma available worldwide on Netflix  and Black Panther  claiming the only international box office haul bigger  than  Bohemian Rhapsody, a win from any of these movies could signify an Oscars sea change away from movies made primarily for U.S. audiences. And with a crowd-pleasing Queen karaoke approach that turned off critics, a Bohemian Rhapsody  win would truly be a matter of box office returns trumping substance.No predictions this year, but we’ll be watching.The Oscars are n’t about how much money a movie has made; they’re about celebrating artistic achievements. Sometimes, making a lot of money and making great art can go hand in hand … but oftentimes they don’t.And with Oscar ratings declining every year since 2014â€"with a huge decline for last year’s ceremonyâ€"smaller box office performances by the winners and the nominees, in general, could be a sign: When more people care about the movies being nominated, they are more likely to tune in.For this year’s ceremony, we aren’t interested in making predictions; in part, because this year’s slate is so interesting. Short of Green Book (or even The Favourite) taking home Best Picture, the 2019 Oscars could be the start of something new.Will the future be filled with blockbuster after blockbuster duking it out for best Best Picture? Probably not, but who knows how many people will tune in to see Black Panther take on Bohemian Rhapsody and Roma. Money talks, as the saying goes; now we’l l see if money can make people watch, too.Did you enjoy this article? Then check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How Have Movie Stars’ Salaries Changed Over Time?Horror Films Cost Very Little to Make and They Make a LOT of MoneyIs There a Secret Money Lesson Hidden In “The Wizard of Oz?”10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA HistoryDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram